Rivers, lakes, perennial streams, and canals are sources of natural surface water and can produce an adequate water supply. Deep tube wells are better known as “subsoil water.” Depending on the type of soil, water retention or holding capacity can change.

There are two weather-based scheduling systems used to measure the amount of water lost from a crop

These are

1) Evaporation from an open water surface

2) Historical climatic data such as relative humidity, temperature, and wind speed.

There is a huge diversity in the types of irrigation technologies and systems used, which depend on a) variation in soil types, b) topography of the land, c) availability of power sources, and d) availability of sources of water. For loam and clay, small lumps break into powder and will not form a ball under pressure. Sand and sandy loam will form weak balls that break easily. Soil moisture can be measured as suction or a volume of water. Water supply system monitoring should be done effectively to ensure a healthier ecosystem and prevent a shortage of water supply. There should also be filters and other devices to measure the amount of iron in the water. Care should be taken to ensure that it is fit for human consumption.

Municipal waters or those coming from streams should be studied and monitored accordingly. IoT-based smart water supply monitoring systems and devices can be used to study the deposits in dishwater and water treatment devices like heaters. Additionally, you can learn more about rotary pumps and direct water supply system options on this website. Therefore, these smart devices will alert you if your house springs a leak so that you can take action. An IoT water quality monitoring system keeps you informed about your building’s water supply and distribution system and quality at all times. Turbidity sensors placed inside the building can help form a robust and improved water quality monitoring system.   

Drainage management is an important aspect to consider

The drainage spacing should be done properly, considering the depth of the impervious layer and the hydraulic conductivity. The velocity of water should be permissible, and the drainage bed gradient should be taken into account accordingly. Water should come out of the catchment area, and a rain gauge can be used to measure the amount of water in the catchment area. In case of a disaster, we need to have three drains: main, collector, and field drain. Water should flow out of the main drain. The collector drain should carry the water from the field drain. The spacing of the collector drain should also be large, and the file drains should be small. Field drains should be 40-60 ft. and collector drains 100-200 ft. Collector drains should generally be greater than 4 ft. in depth, and field drains should be greater than 3 ft. in depth.

Normal drainage, underground drainage, and pump drainage can be used as water supplies, depending on the soil quality and the survey of the area. 

Drain size should increase for light soil and decrease for heavy soil, respectively. The drainage principles to be followed depend on the topographic survey, water table record, soil texture, soil profile, seepage water flow, water supply and distribution system, and flood situation. An irrigation pump can be used for high discharge, and low pressure, and a drainage pump can be used alternatively for low discharge and high pressure. Therefore, pump drainage can be an option that we can implement if the area size is larger than 50 hectares.